NewLang/Nouns: Difference between revisions
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There is also an 'unspecified' determiner which is used for nouns that are not unique in the specific context. (This is ''different'' than definiteness. see the [[wikipedia:Specificity_(linguistics)|Wikipedia article]] on specificity for more explanation.) | There is also an 'unspecified' determiner which is used for nouns that are not unique in the specific context. (This is ''different'' than definiteness. see the [[wikipedia:Specificity_(linguistics)|Wikipedia article]] on specificity for more explanation.) | ||
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| Direct (unmarked) || -- | | Direct (unmarked) || -- | ||
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| || Proximal || Medial || Distative || Unspecific | | || Proximal || Medial || Distative || Unspecific | ||
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| || Number/Adj | | || Number/Adj | ||
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| Direct || -- || | | Direct || -- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ergative || lzi+(root)+V | | Ergative || lzi+(root)+V | ||
Revision as of 19:19, 2 June 2019
Noun Phrase
Form
[DETERMINER | QUANTIFIER | DETERMINER QUANTIFIER] (POSSESSIVE PRONOUN) NOUN (POSSESSOR) (ADJECTIVE)* (RELATIVE_CLAUSE)
Noun phrases will start with some sort of inflected word. Usually this is the determiner - if no locational deixis is indicated a 'dummy' or 'default' determiner is used.
If there is a quantifier but no specific determiner, the quantifier will be inflected. If there is a non-default determiner, the quantifier will appear uninflected following the determiner. Possessive pronouns, if any, will come next, followed by the noun itself.
The noun itself is usually uninflected except if there is a possessor. If there is a possessor (that is not covered by a possessive pronoun, that is), it will appear immediately following the noun.
Following that, optionally, will be adjectives (which are from a closed class or are participles). Further description will be in the form of relative clauses.
Noun
Classes
- See Noun Classes for more information.
Nouns are all categorized into various noun classes based on semantic meaning. Some nouns are simply in one class or the other (and requires memorization), while others contain a noun classifier infix. These marked nouns are usually the result of derivation from the unmarked verbs - the infix is added, putting the new lexeme into a new class with a different meaning.
Number
Nouns can either be singular or plural. In most cases, this is not marked on the noun itself, however. Rather it is marked on the determiner, or in the case of a noun in the direct case, on the verb itself.
Determiners
- Determiners are the first element of the noun phrase (if present)
- The determiner is obligatory unless the noun is in the direct case or the noun is a topic.
- If a quantifier is present, the determiner is unmarked for number (i.e. uses the singular form) no matter the actual number. In this situation, the determiner is only marked for case.
The determiner indicates the case, number, and pragmatic distance (this, that, the other). The determiner also agrees with the noun class of the noun.
There is also an 'unspecified' determiner which is used for nouns that are not unique in the specific context. (This is different than definiteness. see the Wikipedia article on specificity for more explanation.)
| Direct (unmarked) | -- |
| Ergative | lzV/lzVCi |
| Accusative | nV/nVCo |
| Locative | sV/sVCV |
| Instrumental | tV/tVCa |
| Dative | riV/riVCi |
| Vocative | 'V/'VCV |
| Proximal | Medial | Distative | Unspecific | |
| Direct (unmarked) | ke | tan | baru | xema |
| Ergative | lzikeV/lzVCike | lzitanV/lzVCitan | lzibarV/lzVCiba | lziemV/lzVCie |
| Accusative | nokeV/nVCoke | notanV/nVCotan | nobarV/nVCoba | nohemV/norVCoe |
| Locative | sVkeV/sVCVke | sVtanV/sVCVtan | sVbarV/sVCVba | sV(x)emV/sVCV(x)e |
| Instrumental | takeV/tVCake | tatanV/tVCatan | tabarV/tVCaba | taxemV/taxVCahe |
| Dative | rikeV/riVCike | ritanV/riVCitan | ribarV/riVCiba | rienemV/rienVCie |
| Vocative | 'V ke/'VCV ke | 'V tan/'VCV tan | 'V baru/'VCV baru | 'V xema/'VCV xema |
| Number/Adj | ||
| Direct | -- | |
| Ergative | lzi+(root)+V | |
| Accusative | no+(root)+V | |
| Locative | si+(root)+V | |
| Instrumental | ta+(root)+V | |
| Dative | rien+(root)+V | |
| Vocative | (root)+V |
Possession
Possession is indicated by the noun (the possessed) being suffixed with -mvi/-vi followed by the possessor.
| segena-mvi | geta |
| ball-POSS | dog |
| the dog's ball |
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are:
| 1st Person Singular | via |
| 1st Person Plural | vi |
| 2nd Person Singular | vima |
| 2nd Person Plural | vimano |
| 3rd Person Sentient Singular | vian |
| 3rd Person Sentient Plural | vonin |
3rd person non-sentients do not have their own possessive pronouns. Instead, possession for them is handled by normal possession using the thematic affix as the possessor
segena-mvi et ball-POSS 3s(CL3) its ball
Adjectives
- See NewLang/Adjectives for more information.
Adjective come in two forms: a closed class of simple adjectives, and participles. If both types occur, then the simple occur first then the participles.
Relative clauses
TBD
